1491(I***N=9781400040063) mobi 下载 网盘 caj lrf pdf txt 阿里云

　　Mann is well aware that much of the history he relates is

necessarily speculative, the product of pot-shard interpretation

and precise scientific measurements that often end up being

radically revised in later decades. But the most compelling of his

eye-opening revisionist stories are among the best-founded: the

stories of early American-European contact. To many of those who

were there, the earliest encounters felt more like a meeting of

equals than one of natural domination. And those who came later and

found an emptied landscape that seemed ripe for the taking, Mann

argues convincingly, encountered not the natural and unchanging

state of the native American, but the evidence of a sudden

calamity: the ravages of what was likely the greatest epidemic in

human history, the smallpox and other diseases introduced

inadvertently by Europeans to a population without immunity, which

swept through the Americas faster than the explorers who brought

it, and left behind for their discovery a land that held only a

shadow of the thriving cultures that it had sustained for centuries

before. --Tom Nissley

List of Maps

Preface

INTRODUCTION / Holmberg’s Mistake

1. A View from Above

PART ONE / Numbers from Nowhere?

2. Why Billington Survived

3. In the Land of Four Quarters

4. Frequently Asked Questi***

PART TWO / Very Old Bones

5. Pleistocene Wars

6. Cotton (or Anchovies) and Maize (Tales of Two Civilizati***,

Part I)

7. Writing, Wheels, and Bucket Brigades (Tales of Two

Civilizati***, Part II)

PART THREE / Landscape with Figures

8. Made in America

9. Amazonia

10. The Artificial Wilderness

11. The Great Law of Peace

Appendixes

A. Loaded Words

B. Talking Knots

C. The Syphilis Exception

D. Calendar Math

Acknowledgments

Notes

Bibliography

Index

　　Charles C. Mann is a correspondent for Science and

The Atlantic Monthly, and has cowritten four previous books

including Noah’s Choice: The Future of Endangered Species

and The Second Creation. A three-time National Magazine

Award finalist, he has won awards from the American Bar

Association, the Margaret Sanger Foundation, the American Institute

of Physics, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, among others. His

writing was selected for The Best American Science Writing

2003 and The Best American Science and Nature Writing

2003. He lives with his wife and their children in Amherst,

Massachusetts.

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印加人不是被钢铁和马匹击败的，而是被病毒和宗派主义打垮的。

流行病是在第一批成功的殖民者抵达之前爆发的。当欧洲人真正到来的时候，这一个个创伤惨重、支离破碎的文化已经无法团结起来抵抗入侵了。相反地，坚信自己即将丧失统治地位的一方总会与侵略者结成同盟，以此提高自己的地位。这种联盟通常是成功的，因为本土方能够取得预期的优势。但其成功往往是临时性的，而且作为一个整体的本土文化总会是输家。

环保主义说，推土机随时等待着摧毁这片全球最后的大面积野生净土之一，在这时声称大量人口曾在此居住千年之久，是极不负责任甚至近乎不道德的做法。因为这等同于给开发商开了绿灯。

Passenger pige*** were greedy eaters with terrible manners; if they found some food they liked just after finishing a meal, they would vomit what they had previously eaten and dig in. Gobbling their chow, they sometimes twittered in tones musical enough that people mistook them for little girls. They g***ed on so many beechnuts and acorns that they sometimes fell off their perches and burst apart when they hit the ground. But in flight they were angelic; they cut through the ai***ith such speed and grace they were called "blue meteors"

发现从银河系里星星之间看到的那些模糊的点，其实是遥远的星系。

1492年以前的西半球。按照当前的观点，这是一个欣欣向荣的、惊人地多元的地方，语言、贸易、文化纷杂混乱；上千万人在这里爱着、恨着、崇拜着，就像人们到处在做的一样。

这次大规模的物种灭绝对美洲大陆和美洲历史造成了永久性的改变。更新世以前，美洲曾有着3个种类的马匹和至少两种可供驾驭的

骆驼，而其他的哺乳动物也可以接受驯化，供人们食其肉、饮其奶。

它们如果能存活下来，今天的世界会有巨大的改变。家畜不但会改变

印第安社会，更有可能产成新的动物传染病。如果不是这次物种灭绝

欧洲与美洲之间的接触可能会对双方造成同等致命的影响：两大半球

都会经历灾难性的人口剧减。

此前，研究人员对古印第安人的抵达和大规模物种灭绝之间的关联曾有所察，但他们并不相信小群猎户就能造成如此严重的生态浩劫。曾与海恩斯在亚利桑那大学共事过的古生物学家保罗・马丁（PaulMa）对此持有异议。他宣称，这次物种灭绝，是从未与智人有过接触的猛在忽然遭遇“一种全新的、全方位优越于它们的猎食者，面且是一种以***为首选，只要还有动物存在，就必然坚决***之的猎人”之后，近乎无法避免的结果。

根据格林伯格的语言学分析，古印第安人不是一次，而是三次越了白令吉亚。他用语言年代学估算出，阿留申语系人群的祖先于元前200年左右跨越了海峡，而纳一德内语系人群的始祖是在公元前7000年左右完成这一壮举的。至于美洲印第安语系人群的先祖，格伯格认为“我们或许是在和大于11000年的时间段打交道”，但这一时间段并不远远大于11000年。这也就暗示着，印第安语系人群是在克洛维斯见诸考古学记载的时间段前后来到美洲的。克洛维斯率先论固然没错，但克洛维斯人是三拨迁徙人群中的第一拨。

编辑推荐

　　1491 is not so much the story of a year, as of what

that year stands for: the long-debated (and often-dismissed)

question of what human civilization in the Americas was like before

the Europeans crashed the party. The history books most Americans

were (and still are) raised on describe the continents before

Columbus as a vast, underused territory, sparsely populated by

primitives whose cultures would inevitably bow before the advanced

technologies of the Europeans. For decades, though, among the

archaeologists, anthropologists, paleolinguists, and others whose

discoveries Charles C. Mann brings together in 1491,

different stories have been emerging. Among the revelati***: the

first Americans may not have come over the Bering land bridge

around 12,000 B.C. but by boat along the Pacific coast 10 or even

20 thousand years earlier; the Americas were a far more urban, more

populated, and more technologically advanced region than generally

assumed; and the Indians, rather than living in static harmony with

nature, radically engineered the landscape across the continents,

to the point that even "timeless" natural features like the Amazon

rainforest can be seen as products of human intervention.

书籍介绍

A groundbreaking study that radically alters our understanding of the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans in 1492.

Traditionally, Americans learned in school that the ancestors of the people who inhabited the Western Hemisphere at the time of Columbus’s landing had crossed the Bering Strait twelve thousand years ago; existed mainly in small, nomadic bands; and lived so lightly on the land that the Americas was, for all practical purposes, still a vast wilderness. But as Charles C. Mann now makes clear, archaeologists and anthropologists have spent the last thirty years proving these and many other long-held assumpti*** wrong.

In a book that startles and persuades, Mann reveals how a new generation of researchers equipped with novel scientific techniques came to previously unheard-of conclusi***. Among them:

• In 1491 there were probably more people living in the Americas than in Europe.

• Certain cities–such as Tenochtitlán, the Aztec capital–were far greater in population than any contemporary European city. Furthermore, Tenochtitlán, unlike any capital in Europe at that time, had running water, beautiful botanical gardens, and immaculately clean streets.

• The earliest cities in the Western Hemisphere were thriving before the Egyptians built the great pyramids.

• Pre-Columbian Indians in Mexico developed corn by a breeding process so sophisticated that the journal Science recently described it as “man’s first, and perhaps the greatest, feat of genetic engineering.”

• Amazonian Indians learned how to farm the rain forest without destroying it–a process scientists are studying today in the hope of regaining this lost knowledge.

• Native Americans transformed their land so completely that Europeans arrived in a hemisphere already massively “landscaped” by human beings.

Mann sheds clarifying light on the methods used to arrive at these new visi*** of the pre-Columbian Americas and how they have affected our understanding of our history and our thinking about the environment. His book is an exciting and learned account of scientific inquiry and revelation.