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theory could be seen as having a number of elements; it abstracts a set of general or specific principles to be used as a basis for explaining and acting, with the theory being tested and refined if necessary.

Normative: Concerns how the world ought to be

Prescriptive: Concerned with best means of achieving a desired condition

Empirical: Concerned with explaining reality

Models: Representati*** or stylized and simplified pictures of reality

Conceptual frameworks or perspectives: Ways of looking at or conceiving an object of study

Theorizing: Thinking about some ***ect of a phenomenon

1.Direct effects upon structural contexts within which it takes place and within which future action occurs - producing a partial transformation of the structural context (though not necessarily as anticipated).

2.Strategic learning on the part of actors involved, enhancing awareness of structures and the c***traints/opportunities they impose, providing the basis from which subsequent strategy might be formulated and perhaps prove more successful.

theories of democracy, cognitive psychology, regime and regulation theory, implementation theory, central-local relati***, nationalism and a host of other mess-level theoretical c***tructs.

seeks to overcome the duality of structural and intentional approaches.

rational planning makes the crucial distinction between formal (means) and substantive(ends) rationality that systems planning fails to do.

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