Wealth and Poverty of Nati*** 新国富论(国富与国贫) mobi 下载 网盘 caj lrf pdf txt 阿里云

The Wealth and Poverty of Nati*** is David S. Landes's acclaimed, best-selling exploration of one of the most contentious and ***ly debated questi*** of our time: Why do some nati*** achieve economic success while others remain mired in poverty? The answer, as Landes definitively illustrates, is a complex interplay of cultural mores and historical circumstance. Rich with anecdotal evidence, piercing ***ysis, and a truly astonishing range of erudition, The Wealth and Poverty of Nati*** is a "picture of enormous sweep and brilliant insight" (Kenneth Arrow) as well as one of the most audaciously ambitious works of history in decades.

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David S. Landes is professor emeritus at Harvard University and the author of Bankers and Pashas, The Unbound Prometheus, and Revolution in Time.

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“但对我来说，相对于善心而言，我更钟爱事实。”

曾经有可能超越欧洲成就的惟一文明是中国。至少，历史记载似乎反映了这一点。看一***发明的长名单就够了：独轮推车、马镫、硬马轭（预防窒息）、指南针、造纸、印刷、火药、陶瓷。然而，在技术和科学方面，中国仍然是一个谜一一尽管已故世的李约瑟和其他人作了大量信息收集的工作来澄清这个问题。例如，这些专家指出，中国的工业比欧洲要早得多；在纺织业上，中国在12世纪时己经用水力驱动的机械纺麻纤维，比英国工业革命知道水力纺纱机和走锭精纺机早500年，而在冶铁方面，我们被告知，中国早就懂得使用煤块和焦炭作为燃料，在风炉里熔解铁块，到11世纪末中国已年产125000吨生铁一700年之后英国才达到这个标准。谜在于中国未能实现其潜力。人们普遍认为，知识和学识是

逐步积累的：很显然，一旦一项先进技术为人所知、必将淘汰旧技术。然而，中国的产业历史却提供了一个技术埋没和倒退的例证。我们看到了中国计时技术的后退，同样，纺麻纤维的机械并未用于棉纺，后者从未达到机械化。而煤炭、焦炭冶铁也随着整个冶铁业弃置不用了。为什么呢？

Too much bathing was seen as a sign of dirtiness. Why would clean people have to wash so ofter? No matter. Personal hygiene changed drastically, so that commoners of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century often lived clearner than the kings and queens of a century earlier.

Gains to knowledge have not been evenly distributed, even within rich nati***. We live in a world of inequality and diversity. This world is divided roughly into three kinds of nati***: those that spend lots of money to keep thei***eight down; those whose people eat to live; ant those whose people don't know where the next meal is coming from.

The old division of the world into two powper blocs, East and West, has subsided. Now the big challenge and threat is the gap in wealth and health that separates rich and poor. These are ofter styled North and South, because the division is geographic; but a more accurate signifie***ould be the West and the Rest, because the division is also historic.

I propose to approach these problems historically...But I do so also because the best way to understand a problem is to ask: How and why did we get where we are? How did the rich countries get so rich? Why are the poor countries so poor?

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Amazon.com Review

Professor David S. Landes takes a historic approach to the ***ysis of the distribution of wealth in this landmark study of world economics. Landes argues that the key to today's disparity between the rich and poor nati*** of the world stems directly from the industrial revolution, in which some countries made the leap to industrialization and became fabulously rich, while other countries failed to adapt and remained poor. Why some countries were able to industrialize and others weren't has been the subject of much heated debate over the decades; climate, natural resources, and geography have all been put forward as explanati***--and are all brushed aside by Landes in favor of his own controversial theory: that the ability to effect an industrial revolution is dependent on certain cultural traits, without which industrialization is impossible to sustain. Landes contrasts the characteristics of successfully industrialized nati***--work, thrift, honesty, patience, and tenacity--with those of nonindustrial countries, arguing that until these values are internalized by all nati***, the gulf between the rich and poo***ill continue to grow. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

From Publishers Weekly

Landes (Revolution in Time), Harvard professor emeritus of history, undertakes an economic and cultural history of the world during the past five centuries. His well-written, sometimes witty ***ysis is the kind of work one wants to pause over and reflect upon at each chapter before moving ahead. Landes's principal argument is that the richest nati*** continue to prospe***hile poorer nati*** lag behind because of their relative ability or inability to exploit science, technology and economic opportunity. In every case?from ancient China to modern Japan?he maintains this is largely the result of national attitudes about a myriad of cultural factors. Landes traces the story of England's industrial revolution and America's system of mass production as indicators of the West's superiority over the rest of the world. Some of his historical illustrati*** are thought-provoking: for example, the importance of air conditioning to the development of the New South in the U.S. and the impact of a lifetime of eating with chopsticks on the manual dexterity of Asia's microprocessing workers. Most of all, Landes stresses the importance of cultural values, such as a predisposition for hard work, open-mindedness and a commitment to democracy, in determining a nation's course toward wealth and power.

Copyright 1998 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

From Library Journal

Harvard professor emeritus of history Landes argues that for the last thousand years, Western civilizationAwith its knowledge, techniques, and political and social ideologiesAhas been "the prime mover of development and modernity" and that countries such as Japan have become rich because they emulated the West. (LJ 3/1/98)

Copyright 1999 Reed Business Information, Inc. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

From Booklist

Nowadays, attempts to explain the disparities between rich nati*** and poor ones are an invitation to controversy, but this is a question Landes has been investigating for most of his career. He is a Harvard history professor and the author of "Technological Change and Development in Western Europe, 1750^-1914," a major chapter in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, later adapted for (and c***tituting the subtitle of) The Unbound Prometheus (1969). Landes intends "to do world history" and unhesitatingly throws down the gauntlet of Eurocentrism, arguing that "the historical record shows, for the last thousand years, Europe . . . has been the prime mover of development and modernity." Mining details from the panorama of world events throughout time, Landes uses examples from science, technology, medicine, commerce, the military, and cultural mores to make his case. Landes' ***ysis will provoke and stir discussion; his 70-page bibliography will prove to be an invaluable research, reference, and collection development aid. David Rouse --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

From Kirkus Reviews

An enormously erudite and provocative history of how wealth and power became so unevenly distributed between the West and the rest of the world. How did China, years ahead of Europe in technology and exploration, lose its advantage in the 17th century? What led Great Britain to set the pace for the Industrial Revolution? Why have Latin America, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa lagged behind more developed nati***? Such questi***, while of momentous import, hold potential for both political correctness and Western chauvinism. In truth, Landes (emeritus professor of history at Harvard; Revolution in Time, 1983) verges close to the latter. Yet one cannot help admiring his breadth of scholarship as he glides smoothly through geography, religion, economics, technology, politics, and war. Western Europe (and later America), he contends, led the way in economic progress because of its curiosity, toleration, and loose restraints on commerce, while other areas fell behind because of xenophobia, religious intolerance, bureaucratic corruption, and state edicts that stifled enterprise. He details, for instance, how Moghul misrule enabled Robert Clive to find a Hindu ally who helped him seize India, and how Argentina, despite abundant natural resources, fostered a low rate of savings and fell into a pattern of dependency on Europe and America. Landes's examples are dense in detail, yet he also leavens his arguments with elegant ironies (e.g., on Ottoman encouragement of enterprise by minority communities: ``In despotisms, it is dangerous to be rich without power''). However, while Landes labels as ``groupthink'' some historians' objecti*** to capitalism, imperialism, and the ``Black Legend'' of conquistador misrule, he also ignores questi*** that call into doubt his contention that toleration spawns innovation (e.g., British hostility to Catholics did not impede progress in the U.K., nor did the kaiser's authoritarianism retard Germany's industrialization before WW I). Sometimes too airily dismissive of legitimate challenges, for all that, never less than scintillating, witty, and brilliant. -- Copyright ©1998, Kirkus Associates, LP. All rights reserved. --This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.

Review

Mr. Landes writes with verve and gusto. . . . [T]his is indeed good history. -- Douglass C. North, Wall Street Journal

Readers cannot but be provoked and stimulated by this splendidly iconoclastic and refreshing book. -- Andrew Porter, New York Times Book Review

There are few historians who would not be proud to be the author of this book. -- Eric Hobsbawm, Los Angeles Times

Truly wonderful. No question that this will establish David Landes as preeminent in his field and in his time. -- John Kenneth Galbraith

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The Wealth and Poverty of Nati*** is David S. Landes's acclaimed, best-selling exploration of one of the most contentious and ***ly debated questi*** of our time: Why do some nati*** achieve economic success while others remain mired in poverty? The answer, as Landes definitively illustrates, is a complex interplay of cultural mores and historical circumstance. Rich with anecdotal evidence, piercing ***ysis, and a truly astonishing range of erudition, The Wealth and Poverty of Nati*** is a "picture of enormous sweep and brilliant insight" (Kenneth Arrow) as well as one of the most audaciously ambitious works of history in decades.