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The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000, by Paul Kennedy, first published in 1987, explores the politics and economics of the Great Powers from 1500 to 1980 and the reason for their decline. It then continues by forecasting the positi*** of China, Japan, the European Economic Community (EEC), the Soviet Union and the United States through the end of the 20th century

Strategy and Economics in the Preindustrial World

The Rise of the Western World

The Habsburg Bid for Mastery, 1519–1659

Finance, Geography, and the Winning of Wars, 1660–1815

Strategy and Economics in the Industrial Era

Industrialization and the Shifting Global Balances, 1815–1885

The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the "Middle Powers": Part One, 1885–1918

The Coming of a Bipolar World and the Crisis of the "Middle Powers": Part Two, 1919–1942

Strategy and Economics Today and Tomorrow

Stability and Change in a Bipolar World, 1943–1980

To the Twenty-first Century

http://www.yale.edu/history/faculty/kennedy.html

Paul Kennedy, the J. Richardson Dilworth Professor of History, Director of International Security Studies at Yale, and Distinguished Fellow of the Brady-Johnson Program in Grand Strategy, coordinates the ISS programs funded by the Smith Richardson Foundation. He is internationally known for his writings and commentaries on global political, economic, and strategic issues.

Born in June 1945 in the northern English town of Wallsend, Northumberland, he obtained his BA at Newcastle University and his DPhil at the University of Oxford. He is a former Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton University, and of the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, Bonn. He holds many honorary degrees, and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was made Commander of the Order of the British Empire (C.B.E.) in 2000 for services to History and elected a Fellow of the British Academy in June 2003.

He is on the editorial board of numerous scholarly journals and writes for The New York Times, The Atlantic, and many foreign-language newspapers and magazines. His monthly column on current global issues is distributed worldwide by the Los Angeles Times Syndicate/Tribune Media Services.

He is the author or editor of nineteen books, including The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, The War Plans of the Great Powers, The Realities Behind Diplomacy, and Preparing for the Twenty-First Century. His best-known work is The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (Random House), which provoked an intense debate on its publication in 1988 and has been translated into over twenty languages.

In 1991, he edited a collection entitled Grand Strategies in War and Peace. He helped draft the Ford Foundation-sp***ored report issued in 1995, The United Nati*** in Its Second Half-Century, which was prepared for the fiftieth anniversary of the UN. His latest book, The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present and Future of the United Nati***, was published in 2006 by Random House.

Prof. Kennedy has finished a book on operational history of the Second World War and is beginning a study of Rudyard Kipling.

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中国倒退的一个重要原因完全是儒家官吏的保守思想作祟，这种保守思想到了明代因对蒙古人过去强加给他们的变化的憎恨而愈益严重。在这种“复旧”的气氛中，整个上层官吏关心的是维持和恢复旧秩序，而不是在向海外扩张和进行海外贸易的基础上创造更加灿烂的未来。

一流国家在世界事务中的相对地位总是在不断变化，主要原因有二：一是各国国力的增长速度不同；二是技术突破和组织形式的变革，可使一国比另一国得到更大的优势。例如，公元1500年以后问世的载炮帆船和大西洋贸易的繁荣，就使欧洲各国受益不同，一些国家的发展速度比另一些国家快得多。同样，后来开发的蒸汽动力及其依赖的煤炭和金属资源，大大增强了一些国家的力量。这些国家的生产力一旦得到提高，便自然能比较容易地在平时承受大规模扩军备战所带来的负担，能在战时保持和供养庞大的陆军和海军。这种说法听起来似乎具有浓厚的重商主义色彩，但财富通常是支撑军事力量的基础，而要获取和保卫财富，又总是需要军事力量。

然而，如果一个国家没有把它的大部分资源用于创造财富，而是用于军事目的，从长远来看，这很可能会导致该国国力的减弱。同样，如果一个国家在战略上过分扩张（如侵占大片领土和进行代价高昂的战争），它就要冒一种风险：对外扩张得到的潜在好处，很可能被为它付出的巨大代价所抵消。如果这个国家正处于相对经济衰退时期，这种困境将变得更加严重。自16世纪西欧进步以来，西班牙、荷兰、法国、英国和目前的美国等一流强国的兴衰史表明，从长期看，在国家的生产力和取得收入的能力，与军事力量之间有一种非常重要的相互依存关系。

大国兴起，起于经济和科技发达，以及随之而来的军事强盛和对外征战扩张」大国之衰，表于国际生产カ重心转移，过度侵略扩张并造成经济和科技相对衰退落后。

>我们都为日常的繁事而分心过多，因为我们从来没有机会对全面的形势进行调查，并制定出相应的政策，但是我们又不得 不经受着一个有一个焦虑的折磨

军事安全的需要攫取了过多的国家财富，“过度扩张”将不可避免地使它衰落，这速度可能比苏联还要快。

书籍介绍

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000, by Paul Kennedy, first published in 1987, explores the politics and economics of the Great Powers from 1500 to 1980 and the reason for their decline. It then continues by forecasting the positi*** of China, Japan, the European Economic Community (EEC), the Soviet Union and the United States through the end of the 20th century