预售 英文预定 Naming and Necessity mobi 下载 网盘 caj lrf pdf txt 阿里云

'Naming and Necessity' has had a great and increasing influence. It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questi*** of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connecti*** between these and theories of naming, and of identity. This seminal work, to which today's thriving essentialist metaphysics largely owes its impetus, is here reissued in a newly corrected form with a new preface by the author. If there is such a thing as essential reading in metaphysics, or in philosophy of language, this is it.

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我在研究模态逻辑时就认为，正像威金斯（Wiggins）所说的，莱布尼茨关于同一物的不可辨别性原理与矛盾律一样是自明的。我总也不明白，为什么居然有些哲学家会对这一点抱有怀疑。对模态逻辑（即关于“可能世界”的语义学）进行的模型论研究只能证实，那些涉及模态特性的所谓反例最后总是被证明为与某种混乱有关：有关的语境并不表示真正的特性；范围上存在着混淆，或者将个体概念之间的偶然吻合与个体之间的同一性相混淆。而模型论则把这一切彻底澄清了，虽然这个问题在直观的水平上就应该是充分清楚的。如果撇开从x无需具有必然存在这个事实所得出的种种令人困惑的考虑，那么，根据(x)☐(x=x)和莱布尼茨的同一律，同一性是一种“内在的”关系的原理，即可得出：(x)(y)(x=y⊃□x=y) [什么样的配对(x,y)可以成为反例呢？这不是不同对象的配对，因为那样一来前项就是假的了；也不是任何对象与其自身的配对，因为那样一来，后项就是真的了]。

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'Naming and Necessity' has had a great and increasing influence. It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questi*** of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connecti*** between these and theories of naming, and of identity. This seminal work, to which today's thriving essentialist metaphysics largely owes its impetus, is here reissued in a newly corrected form with a new preface by the author. If there is such a thing as essential reading in metaphysics, or in philosophy of language, this is it.