1491 (SECOND EDITION(I***N=9781400032051) mobi 下载 网盘 caj lrf pdf txt 阿里云

Mann is well aware that much of the history he relates is

necessarily speculative, the product of pot-shard interpretation

and precise scientific measurements that often end up being

radically revised in later decades. But the most compelling of his

eye-opening revisionist stories are among the best-founded: the

stories of early American-European contact. To many of those who

were there, the earliest encounters felt more like a meeting of

equals than one of natural domination. And those who came later and

found an emptied landscape that seemed ripe for the taking, Mann

argues convincingly, encountered not the natural and unchanging

state of the native American, but the evidence of a sudden

calamity: the ravages of what was likely the greatest epidemic in

human history, the smallpox and other diseases introduced

inadvertently by Europeans to a population without immunity, which

swept through the Americas faster than the explorers who brought

it, and left behind for their discovery a land that held only a

shadow of the thriving cultures that it had sustained for centuries

before. --Tom Nissley

List of Maps

Preface

INTRODUCTION / Holmberg’s Mistake

1. A View from Above

PART ONE / Numbers from Nowhere?

2. Why Billington Survived

3. In the Land of Four Quarters

4. Frequently Asked Questi***

PART TWO / Very Old Bones

5. Pleistocene Wars

6. Cotton (or Anchovies) and Maize (Tales of Two Civilizati***,

Part I)

7. Writing, Wheels, and Bucket Brigades (Tales of Two

Civilizati***, Part II)

PART THREE / Landscape with Figures

8. Made in America

9. Amazonia

10. The Artificial Wilderness

11. The Great Law of Peace

Appendixes

A. Loaded Words

B. Talking Knots

C. The Syphilis Exception

D. Calendar Math

Acknowledgments

Notes

Bibliography

Index

From the Hardcover edition.

　　Charles C. Mann is a correspondent for Science and

The Atlantic Monthly, and has co-written four previous books

including Noah’s Choice: The Future of Endangered Species

and The Second Creation. A three-time National Magazine

Award finalist, he has won awards from the American Bar

Association, the Margaret Sanger Foundation, the American Institute

of Physics, and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, among others. His

writing was twice selected for both The Best American Science

Writing and The Best American Science and Nature

Writing. He lives with his wife and their children in Amherst,

Massachusetts.

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印加人不是被钢铁和马匹击败的，而是被病毒和宗派主义打垮的。

流行病是在第一批成功的殖民者抵达之前爆发的。当欧洲人真正到来的时候，这一个个创伤惨重、支离破碎的文化已经无法团结起来抵抗入侵了。相反地，坚信自己即将丧失统治地位的一方总会与侵略者结成同盟，以此提高自己的地位。这种联盟通常是成功的，因为本土方能够取得预期的优势。但其成功往往是临时性的，而且作为一个整体的本土文化总会是输家。

环保主义说，推土机随时等待着摧毁这片全球最后的大面积野生净土之一，在这时声称大量人口曾在此居住千年之久，是极不负责任甚至近乎不道德的做法。因为这等同于给开发商开了绿灯。

Passenger pige*** were greedy eaters with terrible manners; if they found some food they liked just after finishing a meal, they would vomit what they had previously eaten and dig in. Gobbling their chow, they sometimes twittered in tones musical enough that people mistook them for little girls. They g***ed on so many beechnuts and acorns that they sometimes fell off their perches and burst apart when they hit the ground. But in flight they were angelic; they cut through the ai***ith such speed and grace they were called "blue meteors"

发现从银河系里星星之间看到的那些模糊的点，其实是遥远的星系。

1492年以前的西半球。按照当前的观点，这是一个欣欣向荣的、惊人地多元的地方，语言、贸易、文化纷杂混乱；上千万人在这里爱着、恨着、崇拜着，就像人们到处在做的一样。

这次大规模的物种灭绝对美洲大陆和美洲历史造成了永久性的改变。更新世以前，美洲曾有着3个种类的马匹和至少两种可供驾驭的

骆驼，而其他的哺乳动物也可以接受驯化，供人们食其肉、饮其奶。

它们如果能存活下来，今天的世界会有巨大的改变。家畜不但会改变

印第安社会，更有可能产成新的动物传染病。如果不是这次物种灭绝

欧洲与美洲之间的接触可能会对双方造成同等致命的影响：两大半球

都会经历灾难性的人口剧减。

此前，研究人员对古印第安人的抵达和大规模物种灭绝之间的关联曾有所察，但他们并不相信小群猎户就能造成如此严重的生态浩劫。曾与海恩斯在亚利桑那大学共事过的古生物学家保罗・马丁（PaulMa）对此持有异议。他宣称，这次物种灭绝，是从未与智人有过接触的猛在忽然遭遇“一种全新的、全方位优越于它们的猎食者，面且是一种以***为首选，只要还有动物存在，就必然坚决***之的猎人”之后，近乎无法避免的结果。

根据格林伯格的语言学分析，古印第安人不是一次，而是三次越了白令吉亚。他用语言年代学估算出，阿留申语系人群的祖先于元前200年左右跨越了海峡，而纳一德内语系人群的始祖是在公元前7000年左右完成这一壮举的。至于美洲印第安语系人群的先祖，格伯格认为“我们或许是在和大于11000年的时间段打交道”，但这一时间段并不远远大于11000年。这也就暗示着，印第安语系人群是在克洛维斯见诸考古学记载的时间段前后来到美洲的。克洛维斯率先论固然没错，但克洛维斯人是三拨迁徙人群中的第一拨。

编辑推荐

　　In this groundbreaking work of science, history, and

archaeology, Charles C. Mann radically alters our understanding of

the Americas before the arrival of Columbus in 1492.Contrary to

what so many Americans learn in school, the pre-Columbian Indians

were not sparsely settled in a pristine wilderness; rather, there

were huge numbers of Indians who actively molded and influenced the

land around them. From the astonishing Aztec capital of

Tenochtitlán, which had running water, immaculately clean streets,

and was larger than any contemporary European city, to the Mexican

corn that was so carefully created in a specialized breeding

process that it has been called man’s first feat of genetic

engineering, Indians were not living lightly on the land but were

landscaping and manipulating thei***orld in ways that we are only

now beginning to understand. Challenging and surprising, this a

transformative new look at a rich and fascinating world we only

thought we knew.

书籍介绍

In this groundbreaking work of science, history, and archaeology, Charles C. Mann radically alters our understanding of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus in 1492.Contrary to what so many Americans learn in school, the pre-Columbian Indians were not sparsely settled in a pristine wilderness; rather, there were huge numbers of Indians who actively molded and influenced the land around them. From the astonishing Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán, which had running water, immaculately clean streets, and was larger than any contemporary European city, to the Mexican corn that was so carefully created in a specialized breeding process that it has been called man’s first feat of genetic engineering, Indians were not living lightly on the land but were landscaping and manipulating thei***orld in ways that we are only now beginning to understand. Challenging and surprising, this a transformative new look at a rich and fascinating world we only thought we knew.