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The influence of ancient Greece and Rome can be seen in every ***ect of our lives. From calendars to democracy to the very languages we speak, Western civilization owes a debt to these classical societies. Yet the Greeks and Romans did not emerge fully formed; their culture grew from an active engagement with a deeper past, drawing on ancient myths and figures to shape vibrant civilizati***.

In The Birth of Classical Europe, the latest entry in the Penguin History of Europe, historians Simon Price and Peter Thonemann present a fresh perspective on classical culture in a book full of revelati*** about civilizati*** we thought we knew. In this impeccably researched and immensely readable history we see the ancient world unfold before us, with its grand cast of characters stretching from the great Greeks of myth to the world-shaping Caesars. A landmark achievement, The Birth of Classical Europe provides insight into an epoch that is both incredibly foreign and surprisingly familiar.

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…維萊烏斯的祖父是一位軍官，為龐培大帝服務，…

雅典阿哥拉的那一組著名雕像被複製，....

他承认罗马民族有两个源头，分别是维纳斯和马尔斯，前者是埃涅阿斯之子的母亲，后者是罗慕路斯后人的父亲。

Rutilius, a pagan, noted that thanks to Rome’s temples he was not far from heaven, and acknowledged the dual origins of the Roman race in Venus and Mars — mother of the s*** of Aeneas, father of the descendants of Romulus.

回顾过去，反对那些出于不良动机而改写历史的人，这是我们的义务，但历史学家不能（或者说不应该）说自己就是客观真实的守护者。历史至少在部分上是一种人为的建构，是智力、社会和政治压力的产物。

研究前人记忆的趣味在于它聚焦于特定民族的自我理解，这使我们能够更加真切地理解他们的世界。对记忆的研究应该使我们离前人的心态更近，应该有助于防止我们对该时期做出不符合时代背景的理解，使我们能够看到人们所做的选择和他们自己对过去的看法有何关联。

希腊字母表是希腊世界从东方引进的最重要的东西之一，源自近东的另外一个地区，即沿海的腓尼基。在上一章，我们提到了公元前10世纪和公元前9世纪腓尼基在黎凡特扮演的重要角色，腓尼基字母的历史至少可以追溯到公元前12世纪，希腊字母表在腓尼基字母表的基础上做了些许调整。希腊字母的名称依然沿用腓尼基的叫法，比如阿尔法（alpha）、贝塔（beta）和伽马（gamma）分别对应腓尼基字母里的“aleph”“beth”“gimel”（意思分别是“牛”“房子”“手杖”）。我们可以推测，最初这仅仅是一种有助于记忆的序列，目的是帮助腓尼基人掌握读写技能。希腊字母表保留了这一序列，这些名称本身不再有意义，因此在希腊语中并没有辅助记忆的功能。

书籍介绍

The influence of ancient Greece and Rome can be seen in every ***ect of our lives. From calendars to democracy to the very languages we speak, Western civilization owes a debt to these classical societies. Yet the Greeks and Romans did not emerge fully formed; their culture grew from an active engagement with a deeper past, drawing on ancient myths and figures to shape vibrant civilizati***.

In The Birth of Classical Europe, the latest entry in the Penguin History of Europe, historians Simon Price and Peter Thonemann present a fresh perspective on classical culture in a book full of revelati*** about civilizati*** we thought we knew. In this impeccably researched and immensely readable history we see the ancient world unfold before us, with its grand cast of characters stretching from the great Greeks of myth to the world-shaping Caesars. A landmark achievement, The Birth of Classical Europe provides insight into an epoch that is both incredibly foreign and surprisingly familiar.